Why This "Kolaveri Di" - "A Viral Marketing Strategy"

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Why This "Kolaveri Di" - "A Viral Marketing Strategy"

Abstract:
What makes some marketing campaigns so immensely big and well known when they are marketed through social media or with a viral approach? How can a company reach out to customers through viral marketing and how can they make use of today's social media to achieve it? In this article we will try to understand and further explore what a campaign have to accomplish in order to achieve a viral spread, using a descriptive model which uses a number of factors and terms necessary in order to properly analyze viral marketing campaigns. This model as it stands today is at its first steps towards being a tool for producers to incorporate in their analytic research and design process when creating viral campaigns

KEY WORDS: Viral marketing, Social Media, Word-Of Mouth, Communication Channels, Advertising, Communication Strategy, Media Strategy.

Definition

Marketing phenomenon that facilitates and encourages people to pass along a marketing message.

Information
Viral marketing depends on a high pass-along rate from person to person. If a large percentage of recipients forward something to a large number of friends, the overall growth snowballs very quickly. If the pass-along numbers get too low, the overall growth quickly fizzles.

At the height of B2C it seemed as if every startup had a viral component to its strategy, or at least claimed to have one. However, relatively few marketing viruses achieve success on a scale similar to Hotmail, widely cited as the first example of viral marketing.

Viral marketing may take the form of:
* Video clips
* Interactive Flash games
* Adver games
* EBooks
* Brand able software
* Images
* Text messages

A Perfect Example of Viral Marketing.

Why This Kolaveri Di?....- is an Tamil song from the soundtrack of the upcoming Tamil film 3, which is due to be released in 2012. Written and sung by actor Dhanush, the song was composed by music director Anirudh Ravichander.

A down tempo dance gaana-ballad song, "Why This Kolaveri Di" has been described as "genre bending" by critics, built around an ancient South Indian folk rhythm. Its instrumentation consists of nadaswaram, shehnai, saxophone, urumee and thavil drums, acoustic guitar and keyboards mixed with electronic synths and scratches. The vocals utilize the singing style of Tamil folk culture. Lyrically, the song revolves around the film's main protagonist being dumped by his girlfriend; the song is sung by the character in a drunken state, with many of the lines nonsensical.

The song was officially released on 16 November 2011, and it instantly became viral on social networking sites for its quirky "Tanglish" (portmanteau word of Tamil and English) lyrics. Soon, the song became the most searched YouTube video in India and an internet phenomenon across Asia. Within a few weeks, YouTube honored the video with a Recently Most Popular Gold Medal Award for receiving a large number of hits in a short time.

What is this Kolaveri Kolaveri??????
* Kolaveri means "murderousrage" i.e. 'sudden and tremendous anger against someone'
* "Why this Kolaveri Kolaveri Di" It means "Why are you so angry with me??" These are words of a boy whose love has been rejected by the girl whom he loves so much and from the heart.
* Lyrics of this song track have words from Tamil and English general slangs used in India. This 4:08 minute sound track and backgrounds core is composed by Anirudh Ravichand.

How did Kolaveri Di go Viral?
Soon after the song was leaked, Sony Music India wanted to make the most of the advantage. Jack in the Box is the digital agency responsible for making the video go viral. According to Ninja Magic.in, the company aimed to market the video on YouTube, Facebook & Twitter.

Let's first talk about how the company managed to market the video on Facebook. Sony Music India's South page has about 200k fans. And most of them are Tamils. So, posting about the video on Facebook page attracted viewers, comments, likes & shares. In turn, YouTube views of the video started going up.

Promotional Strategies of Kolaveri Di:

"Song is officially released on 18 November. Then it spread like a fire through social networking sites. Within first week of release, it received 1.3 million views on YouTube, more than 1 million shares on facebook . This is the first Tamil song to be premiered on MTV India. On 30th November, Song has crossed 10 crore hits on YouTube. International Time Magazine, Huffington Post and BBC has published report of this song."

What makes this song so popular? It happens to be because the song connects with the youth of the country. The song is about a guy who has been dumped by his girlfriend. The theme is interesting and so are the lyrics. The lyrics are written such that the words used are particularly irrational. Moreover the words and the slang with which the song has been sung is too typical for the tamilians. Those who have had any encounter with any Tamil friends will understand this. The slang used by them in speaking English is too different from others. That is what make this song unique.

The song indeed has a good music too. It has been composed by a relative new comer anirudh.The song is sung by Tamil actor dhanush. The movie in which the song will feature in is called 3 and is produced by aishwarya. There is a common factor that connects these 3 persons and that is the legend rajnikanth himself. Anirudh happens to be his nephew, dhanush is his son-in-law and aishwarya is his daughter.
Honestly at first, people were sharing the video on Facebook, Almost everyone was sharing the video as their status updates.

The video was marketed on Twitter. The marketers of John in the Box created #why this Kolaveri di hash tag and started posting quirky lines like "Iceland has not heard #why this kolaveri di", "Not called for 2 days #why this Kolaveri di", etc., with the YouTube link to the video. This intrigued people on twitter who didn't understand what Kolaveri di meant. So these people started asking questions & clicking the YouTube link.

After the video went viral on Twitter, users were talking about Kolaveri Di via #Kolaveri hash tag. The topic trended for more than3 days on Twitter India. Even today people are tweeting about this song.

Soon the song gained popularity from South India to the whole of India and then across the world.

Kolaveri's 7 Viral Technique:

1. Give away information to your customers and include back links to your site. You can post these books or special reports on eBook directories, give away sites and use JV partners to give to their list. Encourage people to pass the information along to their friends who have an interest in the topic. If your information is accurate and helpful you'll find many people be passing the book to friends.

2. You can use a Tell-A-Friend script on your site. Essentially you give your customer and visitors a way to easily share your website. Depending upon your market you may find that offering an incentive to tell a friend or two will encourage more traffic. Incentives can be free information that is delivered directly after the tell-a-friend script has been executed. Assure your readers that you do not collect email addresses when they enter their friend's address. They are not opting their friend into your ezine.

3. Do you get funny video clips from friends and family? This is viral marketing. Although the clip may not be selling anything the concept of passing from person to person is viral. Now, putting your imagination to work, can you create an idea around your niche that would be interesting? Something that would be passed from person to person? All you need is a digital camera. Videos without the professional 'feel' lend themselves to authenticity. You only have to look at the popularity of reality TV to realize how much people like 'peeking' in on the lives of others.

4. Are you trying to get your information out to your public quickly? You can generate an Internet Press Release to draw in your readers. This is a method that can have far reaching effects when done with creativity and panache. Bring your readers to your page and send them out with a video or ebook to share with their friends.

5. Undercover marketing, done well, can be fun and intriguing. You create a mystery surrounding your niche. There are questions, mystique, a potential for danger and people keep coming back for more. It becomes fun and interesting. Your readers keep coming back for more and sending their friends to figure out the mystery. Yanik Silver has been doing this for sometimes with his Underground Marketing Seminar. He doesn't release the name of several of the speakers, the attendees are undercover agents and the information is highly confidential. The whole event is cloaked in mystery.

6. Social network sites are here to stay. They often evolve around a particular topic. MySpace, the most popular network site, is a general forum where people discuss anything from monkeys to marriage. The information on these sites is searchable. You can easily develop a list of people interested in your topic or niche and release funny exciting information that they are encouraged to pass along to their friends.

7. Buzz marketing is creating a 'buzz' about a particular subject, video, website or writing. In 2001 Morgan Westerman discovered a poem in the public domain that he published to the Internet. It was a feel good poem that people started passing from friend to friend. Then the Twin Towers collapsed and people in the U.S. started searching for answers and encouragement.

Kolaveri for Future Managers:

* As per the ET, The soup song has turned an anthem for the future managers in the country.

* All IIMs has accepted this song as the best examples of viral marketing. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) has included this song in the subject "Contemporary Film Industry :a business perspective"

* IIMA faculty Bharathan Kandaswamy has said, "I will discuss Kolaveri Di as part of a session on social media and online tools when my class starts in December.

Lessons in Viral Marketing

* Broadcast Yourself "It is lot more than just AViral concept need not be Rocket Science…. Sometimes… It's just a simple idea, captured right.

* Contagious" A good Viral is highly contagious. You don't need to promote it. A good viral spreads by itself.You Don't Have to Spend to Get Noticed To spread the wordout, you need not burn a hole in your pocket and promote things like crazy

* Gaining a good amount of attention on-line Will attract the other traditional media towards your story. The viral was covered in leading News Channels & Newspapers

An Online Viral can spillover offline…Gaining a good amount of attention on-line will attract the other traditional media .

Conclusion

What can you learn about Social Media Marketing from Kolaveri Di?

You need to define your social media marketing strategy properly. When you've a Facebook fan page which is liked by thousands of targeted users, your content/articles will be viewed by those. Sure your website will get more clicks. But, this is not enough. These readers should automatically share your content with their social friends. These readers should subscribe to your newsletters. These readers should buy your products.

This brings us to the main thing that is important, i.e. Content. If Kolaveri di wouldn't have funny lyrics & cool beats, there would have been a very few shares & likes. Why did the song get so many likes & shares on Facebook? Heck, because of the content. Remember if the content is good, you don't need to market it. It'll market itself.


VIRAL MARKETING| BRAND POSITIONING|

NEW cut off Additional List of UGC Net

UGC Additional result 

UGC recently announced additional list of NET JRF. Now 13000 Plus more candidates qualified for NET and 1600 plus for JRF. new hope for some candidate and frustrating for those who already facing tough competition. whatever the thing may be but UGC must adhere to its result it should not be fluctuating. Hope majority of us be disappointed, well friend whats ur view regarding this pls comment.

THE PAYMENT OF WAGE ACT, 1936

THE  PAYMENT OF WAGE ACT, 1936

The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 is a central legislation which has been enacted to regulate the payment of wages to workers employed in certain specified industries and to ensure a speedy and effective remedy to them against illegal deductions and/or unjustified delay caused in paying wages to them. It applies to the persons employed in a factory, industrial or other establishment or in a railway, whether directly or indirectly, through a sub-contractor. Further, the Act is applicable to employees drawing wages upto Rs. 1600/- a month. The Central Government is responsible for enforcement of the Act in railways, mines, oilfields and air transport services, while the State Governments are responsible for it in factories and other industrial establishments. The basic provisions of the Act are as follows:- The person responsible for payment of wages shall fix the wage period up to which wage payment is to be made. No wage-period shall exceed one month. All wages shall be paid in current legal tender, that is, in current coin or currency notes or both. However, the employer may, after obtaining written authorisation of workers, pay wages either by cheque or by crediting the wages in their bank accounts. All payment of wages shall be made on a working day. In railways, factories or industrial establishments employing less than 1000 persons, wages must be paid before the expiry of the seventh day after the last date of the wage period. In all other cases, wages must be paid before the expiry of the tenth day after the last day of the wage period. However, the wages of a worker whose services have been terminated shall be paid on the next day after such termination.  Although the wages of an employed person shall be paid to him without deductions of any kind, the Act allows deductions from the wages of an employee on the account of the following:- (i) fines; (ii) absence from duty; (iii) damage to or loss of goods expressly entrusted to the employee; (iv) housing accommodation and amenities provided by the employer; (v) recovery of advances or adjustment of over-payments of wages; (vi) recovery of loans made from any fund constituted for the welfare of labour in accordance with the rules approved by the State Government, and the interest due in respect thereof; (vii) subscriptions to and for repayment of advances from any provident fund;(viii) income-tax; (ix) payments to co-operative societies approved by the State Government or to a scheme of insurance maintained by the Indian Post Office; (x) deductions made with the written authorisation of the employee for payment of any premium on his life insurance policy or purchase of securities. The Act prescribes following rules for fines:-  Fines shall be imposed for approved list of acts and omissions. A notice specifying such list shall be exhibited in the prescribed manner on the premises in which the employment is carried on or at the prescribed places in case a person is employed in railways. No fine shall be imposed on any employed person until he has been given an opportunity of showing cause against the fine, or other-wise, than in accordance with such procedure as may be prescribed for the imposition of fines. The total amount of fine which may be imposed in any one wage period on any employed person shall not exceed an amount equal to three per cent of the wages payable to him in respect of that wage-period. No fine shall be imposed on any employed person who is under the age of fifteen years. No fine imposed on any employed person shall be recovered from him by installments or after the expiry of sixty days from the day on which it was imposed. All fines and all realisations thereof shall be recorded in a register to be kept by the person responsible for the payment of wages. Hence, the main object of the Act is to eliminate all malpractices by laying down the time and mode of payment of wages as well as securing that the workers are paid their wages at regular intervals, without any unauthorised deductions. The Act was amended by the Payment of Wages (Amendment) Act, 2005 Rs. in order to enlarge its scope and provide for more effective enforcement. The main amended provision is the enhancement of wage ceiling from 1600/-per month to Rs. 6500/-per month for the applicability of the Act as well as empowering the Government to enhance the ceiling by notification in future.

PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT 1965

PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT 1965



Applicability of Act (Sec 1)
Every factory wherein 10 or more persons are employed with the aid of power or An establishment In which 20 or more persons are employed without the aid of power on any day during an accounting year.

Establishment: Establishment includes departments, undertakings and branches, etc.

Computation of available surplus (Sec.5): The following sums shall be deducted from the gross profits as prior charges, namely:-

(a) any amount. by way of depreciation admissible in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 32 of the Income-tax Act, or in accordance with the provisions of the agricultural income-tax law, as the case may be:

Provided that where an employer has been paying bonus to his employees under a settlement or an award or agreement made before the 29th May, 1965, and subsisting on that date after deducting from the gross profits notional normal depreciation, then, the amount of depreciation to be deducted under this clause shall, at the option of such employer (such option to be exercised once and within one year from that date) continue to be such notional normal depreciation;

(b) Any amount by way of 2[development rebate or investment allowance or development allowance] which the employer is entitled to deduct from his income under the income-tax Act;

(c) subject to the provision of section 7, any direct tax which the employer is liable to pay for the accounting year in respect of his income, profit and gain during that year;

Components of Bonus:- Sec. 2(21) : Salary or wages includes dearness allowance but no other allowances e.g. over-time, house rent, incentive or commission.

Separate establishment (Sec. 3) : I profit loss accounts are prepared and mainland in respect of any such department or undertaking or branch, then such department or undertaking or branch is treated as a separate establishment.

Disqualification and Deduction of Bonus: Sec 1:

• On dismissal of an employee for fraud; or
• riotous or violent behaviour while on the premises of the establishment; or
• theft, misappropriation or sabotage of any property of the establishment; or

• Misconduct of causing financial loss to the employer to the extent that bonus can be deducted for that year.

Computation of gross profits: For banking company, as per First Schedule. For others, as per Second Schedule.

Eligibility of Bonus: An employee will be entitled only when he has worked for 30 working days in that year. Sec. 8

Payment of Minimum Bonus: 8.33% of the salary or Rs.100 (on completion of 5 years after 1st Accounting year even if there is no profit). Sec. 10

Eligible Employees: – Employees, drawing wages up to Rs.10000/- per month or less. For calculation purposes Rs.3500 per month maximum will be taken even if an employee is drawing up to Rs.3500 per month. (Sec. 12)

Time Limit for Payment of Bonus: Within 8 months from the close of accounting year. (Sec. 19)

Set-off and Set-on: As per Schedule IV. Sec. 15

Submission of Return: In Form D to the inspector within 30 days of the expiry of time limit under Section 19. Rule 5

Maintenance of Registers and Records etc. Sec. 2(21) :

• A register showing the computation of the allocable surplus referred to In clause (4) of section 2, in Form A.
• A register showing the set-on and set-off of the allocable surplus, under section 15, in Form B.

• A register showing the details of the amount of bonus due to each of the employees, the deductions under sections 17 and 18 and the amount actually disbursed, In Form C.

Non applicability of the Act: – Act not applicable to certain employees of LIC. General Insurance, Dock Yards, Red Cross, Universities* Educational Institutions, Chambers of Commerce, Social Welfare Institutions. etc.Sec.32

Penalty : For contravention of any provision of the Act or the Rules: Up to 6 months or with fine up to Rs.1000. Sec.28

Business Legislation Objective question bank

Business Law/Mercantile Law/commercial Law/Business Legislation Objective question bank for various competitive examination and B.com (Hons)/B.A LLB/B.com L.L.B


1. An agreement enforceable by law is......
(a) enforceable acceptance

(b) accepted offer

(c) approved promise

(d) contract

2. Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an

(a) agreement

(b) contract

(c) offer

(d) acceptance.

3. Promises which form the consideration or part of the consideration for each other are called

(a) reciprocal promises

(b) cross offers

(c) conditional offer

(d) conditional promises.

4. An agreement not enforceable by law is stated to be void under

(a) section 2(d)

(b) section 2(e)

(c) section 2(f)

(d) section 2(g).

5. Void agreement signifies

(a) agreement illegal in nature

(b) agreement not enforceable by law

(c) agreement violating legal procedure

(d) agreement against public policy.

6. Offer as defined under section 2(a) is

(a) communication from one person to another

(b) suggestion by one person to another

(c) willingness to do or abstain from doing an act in order to obtain the assent of other thereto

(d) none of the above.

7. Under section 2(b) if the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent the proposal is said to have been

(a) accepted

(b) agreed

(c) provisionally agreed

(d) tentatively accepted.

8. A proposal when accepted becomes

(a) promise under section 2(b)

(b) agreement under section 2(e)

(c) contract under section 2(h)

(d) none of the above.

9. When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or, does or abstain from doing or promises to do or to abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise under section 2(d) is called

(a) reciprocal promise

(b) consideration for the promise

(c) counter offer

(d) acceptance.

10. Promises which form the consideration or part thereof, for each other under section 2(F) are called

(a) acceptances for different proposals

(b) agreements

(c) reciprocal promises

(d) consideration.

11. Every promise or set of promises forming the consideration for each other under section 2(e) is called

(a) reciprocal promise

(b) contract

(c) agreement

(d) none of the above.

12. An agreement enforceable by law at the instance of one party & not of other party under section 2(i) is called

(a) a valid contract

(b) an illegal contract

(c) void contract

(d) a voidable contract.

13. Which is correct

(a) proposal + acceptance = promise

(b) promise + consideration = agreement

(c) agreement + enforceability = contract

(d) all the above.

14. In a valid contract, what comes first

(a) enforceability

(b) acceptance

(c) promise

(d) proposal.

15. Under section 2(c) promisor is the

(a) person who makes the proposal

(b) person who accepts the proposal

(c) person who makes the promise

(d) person to whom the proposal is made.

16. Under section 2(c) promisee is the

(a) person who makes the proposal

(b) person who accepts the proposal

(c) person who makes the promise

(d) person to whom proposal is made.

17. Goods displayed in a shop with a price tag is an

(a) offer

(b) invitation to offer

(c) counter offer

(d) none of the above.

18. Tender is

(a) an offer

(b) an invitation to offer

(c) a counter offer

(d) a promise.

19. Communication of a proposal is complete

(a) when it is put in the course of transmission

(b) when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made

(c) when the proposal is communicated to the person to whom it is made

(d) all the above.

20. Communication of acceptance is complete as against the proposer

(a) when it comes to the knowledge of the proposer

(b) when it is put in the course of transmission to him so as to be out of power of the acceptor

(c) when the acceptance is communicated to the proposer

(d) all the above.

21. Communication of acceptance is complete as against the acceptor

(a) when it comes to the knowledge of the proposer

(b) when it is put in the course of transmission

(c) when it is communicated to the acceptor that the acceptance has reached the proposer

(d) when the proposer conveys the acceptance to the acceptor.

22. Revocation of offer by letter or telegram can be complete

(a) when it is despatched

(b) when it is received by the offeree

(c) when it reaches the offeree

(d) both (a) and (c).

23. Acceptance to be valid must

(a) be absolute

(b) be unqualified

(c) both be absolute & unqualified

(d) be conditional.

24. A contract with or by a minor is a

(a) valid contract

(b) void contract

(c) voidable contract

(d) voidable at the option of either party.

25. A contract which ceases to be enforceable by law becomes void

(a) when it ceases to be enforceable

(b) before it ceases to be enforceable

(c) no such condition necessary

(d) none of above.

26. An acceptance can be revoked

(a) at any time before the communication of acceptance is complete as against the promisee

(b) after its acceptance comes to the knowledge of the promisee

(c) both (a) & (b)

(d) neither (a) nor (b).

27. A proposal stands revoked

(a) by communication of notice of revocation by the proposer

(b) by failure of acceptor to fulfil a condition precedent

(c) by death or insanity of proposer to the knowledge of acceptor

(d) all the above.

28. A proposal can be accepted

(a) by notice of acceptance

(b) by performance of condition of proposal

(c) by acceptance of consideration for a reciprocal promise

(d) all the above.

29. Enforceable agreements are the one

(a) made by free consent

(b) parties to the contract are competent to enter into an agreement

(c) having lawful consideration & lawful object

(d) all the above.

30. Competency to contract relates to

(a) age of the parties

(b) soundness of mind of the parties

(c) both age & soundness of mind

(d) intelligence of the parties.

31. Which one of the following is correct

(a) past consideration is no consideration

(b) consideration can be past, present or future

(c) consideration can only be present

(d) consideration can only be present & future.

32. Past consideration is valid in

(a) England only

(b) India only

(c) both in England & India

(d) neither in England nor in India.

33. An agreement not to raise the plea of limitation is

(a) valid & binding

(b) void

(c) voidable

(d) illegal.

34. A letter of acceptance sent by post is lost in transit

(a) there is a concluded contract as the letter of acceptance is put in the course of transmission

(b) there is no concluded contract as the acceptance has not come to the knowledge of the proposer

(c) there is no concluded contract as the acceptance has not been communicated to the proposer

(d) all the above.

35. When the consent to the contract is caused by coercion, the contract under section 19 is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) illegal.

36. A's son forged B's name to a promissory note. B under threat of prosecuting A's son obtains a bond from A for the amount of the forged note. If B sues on this bond the court

(a) has no jurisdiction in this case

(b) must not set aside the bond

(c) may set aside the bond

(d) none of above.

37. When the consent is caused by misrepresentation, the contract under section 19 is

(a) valid

(b) void

(c) voidable

(d) illegal.

38. When the consent is caused by undue influence, the contract under section 19A is

(a) valid

(b) void

(c) voidable

(d) illegal.

39. Where both the parties are under mistake as to matter of fact, the contract under section 20 is

(a) voidable

(b) void

(c) valid

(d) illegal.

40. Where one of the parties is under a mistake as to matter of fact the contract is

(a) valid

(b) void

(c) voidable

(d) illegal.

41. Considerations & objects are unlawful where it is

(a) forbidden by law or defeat the provision of any law

(b) which is fraudulent

(c) which is immoral & against the public policy

(d) all the above.

42. If only a part of the consideration or object is unlawful, the contract under section 24 shall be

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) illegal.

43. A contract without consideration under section 25 is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) illegal.

44. Consideration should be something in return of promise which

(a) both the law and parties regard, as having some value

(b) only law regards a having some value

(c) only the parties regard some value

(d) only adequate value necessary.

45. If the proposer prescribes the mode & manner of acceptance, the acceptance

(a) can be in any manner & mode

(b) should be in the manner & mode prescribed

(c) can be in any reasonable mode & manner

(d) all the above.

46. Parties are not competent to contract if any of them is

(a) minor

(b) insane

(c) declared unqualified

(d) all the above.

47. Consent is free under section 14 if not caused by

(a) coercion & undue influence

(b) fraud and misrepresentation

(c) mistake subject to the provisions of sections 20, 21 and 22

(d) all the above.

48. Consent under section 13 means

(a) agreeing on the same thing in the same sense

(b) agreeing on the same thing at the same time

(c)agreeing on the same thing at different time

(d) agreeing on different things at different times.

49. A contract which is valid initially however, ceases to be enforceable subsequently, the contract

(a) remains valid

(b) becomes voidable when enforceable

(c) becomes void when it enforceable

(d) becomes void since inception.

50. Agreements, the meaning of which is not certain or not capable of being made certain under section 29 is

(a) void

(b) voidable

(c) illegal

(d) valid

51. An agreement in restraint of trade under section 27 is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) unenforceable

52. An agreement restraint of trade is valid under section 27 if relates to

(a) sale of goodwill

(b) mutual adjustment

(c) business contingency

(d) none of the above.

53. An agreement not to pursue any legal remedy to enforce the rights under section 28 is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) unenforceable.

54. An agreement not to persue legal remedies but to refer the dispute to the arbitrator, under section 28 is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) unenforceable.

55. An agreement to refer the dispute to the arbitrator is valid

(a) in respect of disputes already arisen

(b) in respect of disputes which may arise in future

(c) both (a) & (b)

(d) neither (a) nor (b)

56. An agreement by way of wager under section 30 is

(a) void

(b) voidable

(c) valid

(d) unenforceable

57. An agreement in connection with horse- racing under section 30 is

(a) unlawful

(b) void

(c) voidable

(d) valid.

58. An agreement in restraint of marriage under section 26 is

(a) void

(b) voidable

(c) valid

(d) unenforceable

59. If only a part of the consideration or object is unlawful, the contract under section 24 shall be

(a) valid to the extent the same are lawful

(b) void to the extent the same are unlawful

(c) void as a whole

(d) valid as a whole.

60. An agreement shall be void on account of

(a) mistake of fact by one party

(b) mistake of fact by both the parties

(c) mistake of foreign law

(d) both (a) & (b).

61. Coercion which vitiates free consent under section 15 is

(a) committing or threatening to commit any act which is forbidden by law

(b) committing or threatening to commit any act which is forbidden by Indian Penal Code

(c) unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property with an intention to causing any person to enter into an agreement

(d) all the above.

62. What is correct of a standard form contract

(a) it is a valid contract

(b) one party has no choice but to accept & sign the contract

(c) both (a) & (b)

(d) the consent is not a free consent.

63. Law of contract primarily

(a) specifies the circumstances in which promises are binding on the parties to the contract

(b) lays down certain norms by which the parties are bound

(c) lays down the circumstances under which a promise may be made

(d) all the above.

64. Misrepresentation under section 18 means

(a) a positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, not true but he believes it to be true

(b) any breach of duty, which gains an advantage to the person committing it, by misleading another to his prejudice

(c) causing a party to make an agreement to make a mistake as to the subject matter of contract

(d) all the above.

65. A person is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of another by undue influence if the mental capacity is affected temporarily or permanently by

(a) reason of age

(b) reason of illness

(c) mental or bodily distress

(d) all the above.

66. An agreement to remain unmarried is

(a) valid

(b) voidable

(c) void

(d) unenforceable.

67. A general offer open for world at large can be accepted

(a) by sending a communication of acceptance

(b) by complying with the conditions of offer

(c) by tendering himself to comply the conditions of offer

(d) none of the above.

68. The term consensus ad-idem means

(a) general consensus

(b) reaching an agreement

(c) meeting of minds upon the same thing in( the same sense

(d) all the above.

69. Which one of the following does not amount to fraud

(a) suggestion as a fact which is not true, by one who does not believe it to be true

(b) active concealment of a fact

(c) a representation made without knowing it to be false, honestly believing it to be true

(d) a promise made without any intention of performing it.

70. Contract without consideration made in writing & registered and made on account of natural love and affection is

(a) void

(b) voidable

(c) valid

(d) unenforceable.

71. Inadequacy of consideration does not make the contract

(a) void

(b) voidable

(c) unenforceable

(d) neither void nor voidable.

72. Inadequacy of consideration is relevant in determining the question of

(a) fraud

(b) misrepresentation

(c) undue influence

(d) free consent.

73. Agreement without consideration is valid

(a) when made out of love & affection due to near relationship

(b) when made to compensate a person who has already done something voluntarily

(c) when made to pay a time barred debt

(d) all the above.

74. A contract based on the happening or non- happening of a future event under section 31 is called

(a) a contingent contract

(b) a wagering contract

(c) a contract marked with uncertainty and hence void

(d) none of the above.

75. A contingent contract to do or not to do anything on the happening of an uncertain future event under section 32

(a) is never enforceable

(b) becomes enforceable only on the happening of that event

(c) enforceable since the time of making it

(d) becomes enforceable in the immediate possibility of happening of that event.

76. A contingent contract

(a) is void

(b) never becomes void

(c) becomes void when the event becomes impossible

(d) is voidable.

77. A contingent agreement based on an impossible event under section 36

(a) is void

(b) is void till the impossibility is known

(c) becomes void on the knowledge of impossibility

(d) all the above.

78. What is true of misrepresentation

(a) it is the same thing as fraud

(b) it renders the contract voidable

(c) it may be due to innocence

(d) both (b) & (c).

79. Two persons have the capacity to contract under section 11

(a) if both are major

(b) if both are not of unsound mind

(c) if none is declared unqualified to contract

(d) all are correct.

80. A contract with minor is

(a) voidable at the instance of the minor

(b) voidable at the instance of other party

(c) void

(d) valid.

81. An agreement to do an act impossible in itself under section 56 is

(a) void

(b) valid

(c) voidable

(d) unenforceable.

82. A contingent contract based on the specified uncertain event happening within a fixed time under section 35

(a) remains valid even if the event does not happen within that fixed time

(b) becomes void at the expiration of the time fixed

(c) becomes void if the happening of that event becomes impossible before the expiry of time fixed

(d) both (b) & (c).

83. A contingent contract based on the specified uncertain event not happening within a fixed time under section 35

(a) can be enforced if the event does not happen within the time fixed

(b) can be enforced if before the expiry of time fixed, it becomes certain that such an event shall not happen

(c) cannot be enforced at all, being void

(d) both (a) & (b).

84. A promisor can perform

(a) the promise himself

(b) the promise through his representa-tive competent to perform

(c) the promise through his representa-tive irrespective of the competency of that representative

(d) both (a) & (b).

85. A promisee can accept the performance (a) from the promisor himself

(b) from the representative of the promisor competent to perform

(c) from a third person

(d) all the above.

86. In case of joint promise, generally the performance must be by

(a) all the promisors jointly

(b) any one of them individually

(c) one not authorised to perform

(d) none of the above.

87. In cases of joint promise generally a promisee can compel

(a) all the joint promisors to perform

(b) any one of them to perform

(c) some of them to perform

(d) all the above.

88. Generally, the joint promisors can

(a) compel each other to contribute equally

(b) not to compel each other to contribute equally

(c) cannot compel each other to contribute

(d) none of the above.

89. Where one of the joint promisors makes a default in contribution of performance

(a) the other joint promisors have no right against the defaulter

(b) have to bear the loss in equal share

(c) not supposed to bear the loss

(d) the contract becomes void to that extent.

90. In case of default by joint promisors the promisee

(a) can sue any one of them for the entire promise

(b) can sue any one of them to the extent of his share in the joint promise

(c) both (a) & (b)

(d) cannot sue any single promisee.

91. In case of death of a joint promisor(s) the promisee

(a) can enforce the contract against the survivor(s) of the said joint promisor(s) alongwith the joint promisors who are alive

(b) cannot enforce the contract against the survivor(s) of the said joint promisor(s)

(c) both (a) & (b)

(d) cannot enforce the contract against any of them.

92. In a contract not specifying the time for performance, the promisor can perform the contract

(a) within any time howsoever long it may be

(b) within the shortest time

(c) within a reasonable time

(d) none of the above.

93. What is a reasonable time for performance of a contract

(a) is a question of fact

(b) is a question of law

(c) is a mixed question of fact & law

(d) is a question of prudence.

94. A contract not specifying the place of performance

(a) performed at any place to the knowledge of the promisee

(b) the promisor has to apply to the promisee for appointment of a place of performance & perform the promise at that place

(c) the promisor need not seek any instructions from the promisee as to the place of performance

(d) the promisor can perform the promise at a place other than the place appointed by the promisee.

95. In case the promisee prescribes the manner and time of performance of promise

(a) the performance must be in the manner and at the time prescribed

(b) the performance can be in a different manner but at the time prescribed

(c) the performance can be in the manner prescribed but at a time beyond the time prescribed

(d) the performance need not be in the manner and time prescribed.

96. If the time of performance of the contract is the essence of the contract and the promisor fails to perform the contract by the specified time

(a) the contract becomes void

(b) the contract remains valid

(c) the contract becomes voidable at the instance of the promisee

(d) the contract becomes unenforceable.

97. If the time is not the essence of the contract the failure to perform the contract by the specified time makes the contract

(a) void

(b) voidable at the instance of the promisee

(c) remains valid but the promisee can claim compensation for the loss suffered by him by such failure

(d) remains valid & can be performed at any subsequent time without being liable for the loss suffered by the promisee.

98. In contract for sale of immovable property the presumption is that the time is

(a) the essence of the contract

(b) not the essence of the contract

(c) the essence of the contract but failure does not make the contract voidable

(d) not the essence of the contract but makes the contract voidable at the instance of the other party.

99. Reciprocal promises provide for doing certain things which are legal & certain others which are illegal, under section 57

(a) the entire set of promises is void

(b) the first set is voidable, but the second set is void

(c) the first set is valid but the second set is void

(d) the entire set of promises is valid.

100. A contract, performance of which becomes impossible or unlawful becomes

(a) void when the performance becomes unlawful or impossible

(b) void

(c) voidable when the performance becomes impossible.

(d) neither becomes void nor voidable